In an infection related design, Bermudez-Brito et al. found that Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036 supernatant was more effective in lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, in E. coli-challenged DCs than the viable probiotics (18). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.