JAK2 and neoplasm: JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB pathways regulated the expression of a wide spectrum of cytokines and chemokines in the tumor micro-environment, which controlled the activation of immune cells as well as growth and survival of premalignant and malignant epithelial cells, including IL-6, IL-1β, IL-11, IL-23, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and so on (Grivennikov et al., 2006).