TGFB1 and neoplasm: On the other hand, EOC cells can stimulate the activation of CAFs by producing high levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) [205] and TGF-β [206], which subsequently induces secretion of IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, VEGF, and growth regulated oncogene-alpha (GRO-α) by CAFs to promote tumor progression [205].