The 13 most commonly mutated genes (APC, TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF, FBXW7, SMAD4, ATM, PTEN, NF1, CTNNB1, GNAS, and NRAS)—ie, mutated in eight or more tumours—were selected for further analysis to identify mutations tending to occur together in genetic pathways (appendix p 14). This evidence concerns the gene GNAS and neoplasm.