CCAR1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: We observed that equimolar (10 μM) dose of CFM-4 or CFM-4.16 induced CARP-1 expression and activation of pro-apoptotic, stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) in the wild-type and drug (TKI or gemcitabine)-resistant NSCLC cells (Figure 3, and Supplementary Figure 1B).