Interestingly, overexpression of a ΔCN proteolytic fragment in astrocytes using a GFAP promoter was shown to have similar effects as IGF-1 stimulation, yielding beneficial effects in an AD mouse model, and in mice exposed to acute stab wound or LPS insult (Fernandez et al., 2007, 2012). This evidence concerns the gene GFAP and Alzheimer disease.