In Arabidopsis, Zea mays, Eucalyptus globulus, Lotus japonicus and Miscanthus, the major enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway such as PAL, CCR, CAD, CHS and CHI have been shown to be strongly induced by cold, drought, UV irradiation or pathogen infection but the gene expression patterns are different according to tissue- and species-specific33,49–54. The gene discussed is CAD; the disease is infection.