Influenza infection also induces the production of such cytokines as TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, and the mononuclear cell attractant chemokines: CCL-3, CCL-4, CCL-5, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in human monocytes, epithelial cells, and rat alveolar or murine macrophages [34,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58]. Here, CXCL11 is linked to influenza.