Donepezil has been shown to attenuate muscle atrophy and induce neovascularization in vitro and in a murine hind limb ischemia model [162], and enhance neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation in vitro and ex vivo [163], while it up-regulated adiponectin over leptin synthesis, towards a reduction of total and abdominal fat deposition, in stage 3 to 4 AD patients, within 6 months [164]. The gene discussed is ADIPOQ; the disease is Alzheimer disease.