TFAP2A and Insulin resistance: Subsequent investigations revealed that other transcription factors, such as the activating protein 2 (AP2) and PPARgamma, can influence INSR gene transcription in a variety of cell types (81, 91), while studies in cultured myocytes aimed at deciphering the mechanisms by which free fatty acid (FFA) contribute to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, showed that FFA can impair INSR expression and insulin signaling and sensitivity by affecting HMGA1 (92–95).