Both VIN and VSCC displayed several focal alterations of well‐known cancer‐related genes, including TP63, CD44, cyclin D1, and BCL2. Altered CD44 protein and TP63 mRNA expression in vulvar lesions has been reported by others.40, 41, 42, 43 Cyclin D1 amplifications were strongly associated with HPV‐negative lesions, whereas BCL2 and TP63 were more frequently affected in HPV‐positive cases. This evidence concerns the gene CCND1 and cancer.