Furthermore, no differences in the mRNA expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TGF-β was detected between healthy dogs or dogs with IBD in more recent studies using real-time q-RT-PCR [43,44]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.