TNF and Parkinson disease: Although clinical data were inconsistent for individual biomarkers and across studies, a meta-analysis included 25 studies with 2654 individuals demonstrated that PD patients had elevated levels of blood inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP) and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) compared with healthy control (HC) subjects, thus clarifying the peripheral blood inflammatory cytokine profile in patients with PD (Qin et al., 2016b).