INS and Hyperglycemia: Vildagliptin (as a potent dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor) acts as an enhancer of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone, having multiple beneficial effects besides reducing hyperglycaemia, such as increasing glucose-stimulated insulin release,14 improving mitochondrial function,15 and anti-inflammatory16 and antioxidative17 effects.