However, IL-1β can also contribute to substantial tissue damage, an overabundance of inflammatory cell recruitment, and uncontrolled cytokine signaling in severe cases, such as during E. coli-induced sepsis and P. aeruginosa-induced pneumonia (Dinarello, 1996; Schultz et al., 2002, 2003; Lungstras-Bufler et al., 2004; Le Goffic et al., 2006; Zemans et al., 2009; Nathan and Ding, 2010; Sahoo et al., 2011; Vanden Berghe et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2015; Spohn et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and pneumonia.