TGFB1 and neoplasm: Compared with tumours of the other subtypes, those of the QM-PDAC subtype displayed elevated transcription levels for genes involved in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway, the transforming growth factor–beta (TGF-β) signalling pathway, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K-mTOR) oncogenic pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) oncogenic pathway and among others (Figure 2A).