PPIA and viral infectious disease: Similar results have been reported previously, including the role of Cyclophilin A in immunity and viral infection (Lammers et al., 2010), prolyl isomerase Pin1 in orchestrating p53 acetylation (Mantovani et al., 2007), and prolyl isomerase Pin1 in fibroblast growth factor 2-induced osteoblast differentiation (Yoon et al., 2014).