HMGB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Likewise, the level of several RAGE ligand such as advanced glycation end products (AGE), HMGB1 and S100 family are increased in COPD and asthma patients and correlate with disease airflow limitation severity and negatively associated with FEV1% (Hou et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2011; Gopal et al., 2014).