Because the TGF-β canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways overlap with a number of pathway terms highly enriched in our PPI network34,37, our results provide evidence for the involvement of the TGF-β superfamily in the development of CLD in CDH newborns, providing support to the hypothesis that a primary disruption in lung vasculature and airway development accompany the diaphragmatic defect in CDH, and that the extent of the resulting cardiopulmonary dysfunction contributes to the development of CLD in CDH newborns. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.