HSPD1 and ductal breast carcinoma in situ: An example of a useful autoantibody is heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), positive in 31% of patients during early-stage breast cancer and 32.6% of patients with DCIS, with a miniscule 4.3% presentation in healthy controls [52,53], which is consistent with Hamrita et al.’s detection of HSP60 in 19 out of 40 invasive breast cancer patients (47.5%) and only 2 out of 42 healthy controls (4.7%) [54]; together, these studies strongly indicate that HSP60 may be a potential TAA for the diagnosis of noninvasive and invasive ductal carcinoma.