Because symptomatic hypoglycemia occurs with currently available insulin regimens, the investigators set the desirable HbA1c target to below 6.5% for safe T1D management compared to 5.7%, a recognized threshold for prediabetes (type 2 diabetes) in the general population, but only 29% of their participants achieved the 6.5% target. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.