Accordingly, the in silico pathway analyses revealed that chromosomal gains of N1 tumors harbor genes involved in pathways important for tumor progression and metastasis, such as the MAPK-, Wnt-, JAK-STAT-, PPAR-, TGF-β-, p53-, VEGF- and mTOR-signaling pathways18,19,23,24. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.