Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was further analyzed based on miR-133b expression from TCGA, and the result indicated that miR-133b expression levels correlated with TGF-β signaling pathway (Fig. 3b) that has been extensively demonstrated to play a pivotal role in bone metastasis of several human cancer, including PCa11,15,41. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.