CD274 and neoplasm: Multiple human studies have indicated that high PD‐L1 expression in pancreatic cancer tumors is associated with worse outcomes suggesting that targeting the PD‐1/PD‐L1 interaction may have therapeutic benefit in these patients.19, 20, 21 An early preclinical study in a mouse tumor transplant model showed that PD‐1 or PD‐L1 blockade had an anti‐tumor effect which was enhanced when given together with gemcitabine.19 Unfortunately, these preclinical findings have not translated to clinical success.