Preclinical studies in melanoma indicated that GM‐CSF‐producing vaccines in combination with immune checkpoint blockade was able to effectively treat a non‐immunogenic melanoma cancer cell line that did not respond to immune checkpoint blockade therapy alone.31 A similar treatment modality was tested in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer using GVAX in combination with anti‐PD‐1 therapy. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and melanoma.