In turn, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are generally considered to be protective against atherosclerosis, as the large-sized HDL subfractions are primarily ascribed to reverse cholesterol transport [21], while the small-sized HDL subfractions rather exert antioxidant effects through their associated anti-inflammatory enzyme termed paraoxonase-1 (PON1). This evidence concerns the gene PON1 and atherosclerosis.