CDH1 and colorectal carcinoma: The competitive binding of FadA/CagA and E-cadherin impairs the complex between E-cadherin and β-catenin, leading to the activation of β-catenin signaling, which regulates downstream genes, such as c-MYC, cdx1 and Ccnd1 to promote cells proliferation of CRC (Murata-Kamiya et al., 2007; Rubinstein et al., 2013).