Co-exposure of the cells to influenza virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2, and to PVL (2.5 μg/mL), HKSA (MOI 100), and PSMα1 (10 μg/mL) yielded NF-κB/AP-1 activation to the same extent as that induced by the most potent activator (protein A, 1 μg/mL). This evidence concerns the gene PSMA1 and infection.