In this subsample, low insulin predicted dementia (HR 3.01, 95% CI 1.56–5.84) compared to the medium insulin tertile independently of higher APOE ε4 allele frequency (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.29–3.67) per allele (data available from Dryad, table 4, right column). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is dementia.