Cytokine-based treatment (e.g., interferon [IFN], IL-2) only induced durable responses in a small fraction of both metastatic RCC and melanoma patients ([38, 39] However, checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 have achieved durable responses in patients who were refractory to other therapies. The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is melanoma.