In an analysis of tumour tissue from patients with melanoma treated with anti-CTLA-4 ipilimumab or tremelimumab, whole-exome sequencing revealed a neoantigen landscape specifically present in tumours with a strong response to CTLA-4 blockade, with the presence of specific tumour neoantigens shared by patients with long-term clinical benefit but absent in patients with minimal or no benefit [16]. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.