In HIV+ individuals with either latent or active TB, anti-PD-1 antibodies significantly enhanced CFP-10 and ESAT6 induced ICOS (p = 0.0090 & 0.0026), (Fig. 6a, b); IL-23R (p = 0.0452 & 0.037), (Fig. 6c, d); expression but decreased FoxP3 expression only in HIV + TB+ patients (p = 0.0167) (Fig. 6f) compared to CFP-10 and ESAT6 alone. This evidence concerns the gene ICOS and tuberculosis.