TNF and allergic disease: Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of HIF‐1α, TNF‐α and IL‐1β were significantly up‐regulated by IL‐1β, and this was accompanied by the up‐regulation of cytokines indicative of allergic disease initiation, including TSLP, IL‐33 and IL‐25 (Figure 5A,E).37, 38, 39