Cytokines other than RANKL and OPG, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, that are largely recognised as important effectors in the pathogenesis of several forms of osteoporosis (44,45,46,47), could have a role in TM-related osteoporosis. Here, TNFSF11 is linked to osteoporosis.