TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: To further explore the roles of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the development of liver injury after lupus IgG intrahepatic treatment, we inject lupus-IgG into TNF-α-deficient mice (TNF-α−/−), with or without NK cell-depletion, and found that the liver lesions were significantly reduced in both TNF-α−/− mice and NK-depleted mice.