Additionally, to address the issue that hUC-MSCs could influence to “human” macrophages, THP-1 cells was stimulated by LPS and IFN-γ (Supplementary Fig 8) or a combination of cytokines including IAPP, CCL2, CXCL1, and IL-1β (to mimic microenvironment of T2D pancreas) (Supplementary Fig 9) and then co-cultured with hUC-MSCs. Here, IAPP is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.