Furthermore, it has been shown that TGFβ1 up-regulates miR-155 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, thus promoting epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition, invasion and metastasis [80], and that miR-155 plays a role in mediating TGFβ1-induced podocyte injury via nephrin, desmin and caspase-9 [81]. The gene discussed is CASP9; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.