For TNF-alpha and IL-6, a significant dose-response reduction was observed under all VPA treatment conditions (Figure 3A,B); for instance, when the cells were treated with 4 mM VPA before infection, the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased from 123.7 pg/mL and 308.3 pg/mL to 45.8 pg/mL and 22.2 pg/mL, respectively (reductions of 63% and 92.8%, respectively). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.