Early studies demonstrated that both systemic allo-immunization in humans and mucosal allo-immunization in macaques significantly upregulated the concentrations of CD8 cell-derived soluble anti-HIV factors, such as HIV suppressor factor, CCL2, 3, and 5, which also downregulated the proportion of cells expressing CCR5 and CXCR4, the co-receptors for HIV infection. This evidence concerns the gene CCR5 and HIV infectious disease.