CD274 and neoplasm: In advanced bladder cancer, targeting immune checkpoints such as PD-1 and PD-L1 has demonstrated efficacy [6–10], although benefit from these agents appears to be limited to patients with evidence of pre-existing anti-tumor immune response, exemplified by high numbers of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and PD-L1 expression by tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells [11, 12].