Previous studies on EBV and SUMOylation pathways have shown that LMP1 promotes latency by upregulating SUMOylation in EBV latent infection [30, 31], and that one of the EBV miRNAs expressed in lytic infection can promote SUMOylation by downregulating RNF4 [32]. This evidence concerns the gene RNF4 and disease arising from reactivation of latent virus.