TNF and Allergy: Similar to our findings but with a different approach, Kainonen et al., using a cohort of infants fed with BM and BF at high risk for the development of allergies, compared the levels of INF-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 (proinflammatory), IL-5 and IL-4 (allergy) and IL-10 and TGF-β2 (anti-inflammatory).