ACE and chronic kidney disease: Even though angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor was previously shown to lower serum TGF-β1 levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy [38, 39], this current study, however, did not show any significant differences in TGF-β isoforms levels between CKD patients who were treated with ARB/ACEI and those not treated with ARB/ACEI [TGF-β1: 46.7 (36.7 – 53.6) versus 44.1 (33.7 – 65.1) ng/ml, p=0.259; TGF-β2: 1.63 (1.44 – 1.85) versus 1.68 (1.50 – 1.86) ng/ml, p=0.453; and TGF-β3: 0.47 (0.43 – 0.57) versus 0.44 (0.38 – 0.50), p=0.120 ng/ml].