Age, smoking, MABP, HDL, LDL, TG, hs-CRP, serum creatinine (marker of kidney function), TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 levels were entered into the multiple logistic regression analysis as covariates to determine their contribution to the risk of atherosclerosis. Here, TGFB1 is linked to atherosclerosis.