TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: It is against this background that we performed measurements of serum levels of TGF-β isoforms concurrently with serum levels of endotoxin and some inflammatory markers (lipoprotein binding protein, serum CD14, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and examined anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective effects of TGF-β isoforms in South African CKD patients.