Except OX40L, blood mDCs in COPD patients did not significantly differ from those in smokers with normal lung function in terms of expressions of BDCA-1, BDCA-3, CD86, and CCR5 (46), while monocyte-derived DCs of COPD patients display enhanced expressions of CD80 and CD86 (49), implying mature phenotypes. Here, THBD is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.