Similarly, Tsoumakidou and colleagues also found that there is a reduction in CD83+ mature DCs in COPD patients (28 patients, mean age 60 years, 26 males, FEV1% 64), both current and ex-smoker, compared to never-smokers and smokers after cessation, indicating that cigarette smoking and COPD per se are related with a decrease in pulmonary DC maturation (53). This evidence concerns the gene CD83 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.