Antibodies blocking immune checkpoints such as the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4, the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and its ligand PD-L1 induce durable anti-tumor immune responses in many advanced malignancies, including melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and melanoma.