Whereas kinase hyperactivation (G2019S and I2020T) as well as decreased activity of the GTPase (R1441C/G/H and Y1699C) are linked to PD, enhanced GTPase activity as seen for the synthetic R1398L mutant or the R1398H variant in humans reduce toxic consequences mediated by LRRK2 or the risk for onset of PD, respectively (Chen et al., 2011; Ross et al., 2011; Heckman et al., 2014; Nguyen and Moore, 2017; Ramírez et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene LRRK2 and Parkinson disease.