MAPK3 and malignant colon neoplasm: PAR1 has been confirmed to be widely expressed in human cancers, and studies have been shown that it promotes invasion and tumorigenesis in breast cancer cells [15], mediates ERK1/2 and epidermal growth factor receptor activation to drive cell proliferation in human colon cancer cells [16], and is associated with increased bone metastases in prostate cancer cells [17].