Interestingly, given the regenerative cycle which underlies this production of ROS, activation of PAR-1 contributes to the pathogenicity of influenza A, and PAR-1 and TLR3 are both upregulated by infections caused by respiratory viruses (Groskreutz et al., 2006; Antoniak et al., 2013). The gene discussed is F2R; the disease is influenza.