CSF1 and cancer: It was reported that poor prognosis is linked to increased levels of CD163 (TAM marker with M2 phenotype), CSF-1 (colony-stimulating factor-1), major regulator of macrophage lineage, and Arginase-1 (Arg-1) – markers of TAM’s activity – in several cancers including the HPV-related ones [12, 25, 28].