Genotyping of the msp1 and msp2 loci has been deployed to assess multiplicity of infection, to evaluate strain-specific selection in vaccine efficacy studies, to estimate the genetic diversity of P. falciparum in population genetic studies, and to distinguish between recrudescent and novel genotypes in recurrent infections occurring in participants treated for malaria in the course of antimalarial drug efficacy trials. This evidence concerns the gene ATAD1 and infection.