The expression of MMP-9 and the phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC) (a direct AMPK substrate) were found to be induced by glucose starvation in the pancreatic ductal carcinoma cell line Panc-1, and the hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh-7 (Fig. 1C). The gene discussed is PRKAA1; the disease is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.