CSF2 and infection: For example, it has been demonstrated that infection with L. donovani, or LPG stimulus, inhibits apoptosis in Mφ, and owing to cellular activation, the production of TNF-α, TGF-β, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) increase, while secretion of M-CSF and IL-1β decrease [128].